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Fachzeitschrift für Hochfrequenz- und Mikrowellentechnik

5G Primer for

5G Primer for MIMO/Phased Array Antennas Teil 3: MIMO and Beam-Steering Modeling for 5G Figure 1: MIMO and beam-forming array antenna configurations for 5G NI AWR Design Environment Ni.com.awr New antennas geometries such as MIMO/massive MIMO and integrated phased arrays will be required for 5G. As Figure 1 shows, it is important to remember that MIMO does not go from a single transmit antenna to a single receive antenna, but rather the output goes to multiple receivers, making 5G antenna design very complex. The potential of massive MIMO will bring over 10x in capacity improvement and over 100x reduction in power consumption. Figure 2 shows how MIMO antenna arrays enable more efficient transmission of power with higher capacity. As a result of the complexities of 5G antenna design, RF system engineers will need to include the antenna characteristics in their simulations to correctly design the entire transmit/ receive system. This section presents several practical examples commonly encountered by the RF systems engineer and showcases advances in MIMO and beam-steering model technology within Visual System Simulator (VSS) system design software. Detailed examples of the models being utilized in realworld systems are shown, including: • Individual antenna patterns for array models • Coupling of nearby elements • Modeling of different array geometries, including imperfections and defects of elements • Active impedances observed at each element of the array • Different RF links for each element. Phased-Array System Design in VSS Software In VSS software the recently enhanced beam-steering behavioral model provides accurate characterization for a distributed feed architecture. The user can define the desired splitter/combiner architecture, along with the desired beam angle and observation angle. The model automatically calculates the phase and the input power required for each element and gives the user the array performance. The phased arrays may be investigated in transmit or receive mode or combined to model a complete transmit and receive chain and evaluate the end-to- Figure 2:MIMO antenna arrays enable more efficient transmission of power with higher capacity. (Source: IEEE Communications Magazine - Feb. 2014) 62 hf-praxis 3/2019

RF & Wireless Figure 3: System-level phased-array design of the rf link Figure 4:VSS phased-array element with RF link characterization end system performance. The MIMO model provides the flexibility to further define the RF link connected to each antenna element, including the filtering and amplification for each element. A common application would be studying requirements for amplifier performance in an array where the center elements are being excited at higher power. Furthermore, such a setup would allow users to investigate array operation when elements are excited with non-correlated signals, resulting in higher cross-talk and more demanding designs. Classically, designers would use an EM simulator and antenna software for the phased array itself. As a system engineer designing the RF link, it is important to include the effects of the antenna and the phased array into the system-level design. Figure 3 shows a simplified link in VSS software. The second element, the TX phased array, is the system model element in the system simulator that is modeling the phased array. Figure 5: The element is designed and the radiation pattern is EM simulated in AXIEM or Analyst software, which then automatically generates the data file for input into the element hf-praxis 3/2019 63

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